SRC Winter Symposium Socio-Cultural Dimensions of the Changes in the Slavic-Eurasian World ( English / Japanese )

The Lessons of the Chinese and South-Korean Reforms for Russia
Nodari Simonia
(Institute of World Economy and International Relations,RAS)

Copyright (c) 1996 by the Slavic Research Center( English / Japanese ) All rights reserved.

Notes


    2. Segodnya, Nov. 29, 1995


    3. J. McMillan. China'a Nonconformist Reforms. IGCC Policy Paper, N 11, Dec. 1994, p. 7


    4. Finansoviye Izvestia, Nov. 24, 1995


    5. Izvestia, Jan. 20, 1996; J. McMillan, op.cit., pp. 7-8


    6. Finansoviye Izvestia, Dec. 7, 1995


    7. Finansoviye Izvestia, Nov. 16, 1995


    8. The Economist, Nov. 11, 1995, p. 12. The government of China expects that foreign capital investments in the Chinese economy in 1996-2000 will amount to $150 bn (Finansoviye Izvestia, Dec. 8, 1995).


    9. The Economist, Nov. 11, 1995, p. 12


    10. Finansoviye Izvestia, Nov. 30, 1995;Segodnya, Dec. 14, 1995


    11. Finansoviye Izvestia, Nov. 16 and 24, Dec. 8, 1995; Jan. 25, 1995; The Economist, Nov. 11, p. 12


    12. Asian Survey, April 1978, v. XYIII, N 4, p. 371; Development Cooperation. 1992 Report, OECD, Paris, 1992, p. 234


    13. Toyama Shigeki, "Politics, Economics and the International Environment in the Meiji and Taisho Periods." - In: The Developing Economies, 1966, v. IV, N 4, p. 427


    14. Asian Perspective (Seoul), vol. 18, N 2, Fall-Winter 1994, pp. 127-8


    15. See: Annals of the Institute of Social Science, N 26, 1986 (University of Tokyo), pp. 7-9; The Developing Economies, v. XXV, N 4, Dec. 1987, pp. 310-18. See also: The Developing Economies, v. XXVI, N 4, Dec. 1988, p. 367


    16. Prof. E. Chen of Hongkong University justly objects to those who believe that import substitution is not necessary at all. It is impossible to create a manufacturing industry at world levels instantly, without a primary industrial basis and relevant infrastructure. (Asia and Pacific. Ed. by R. H. Taylor, vol. 2, New York, Oxford, 1991, p. 1330)


    17. In contrast to South Korea, in the 1950s and 1960s Japan started out right from export-oriented industrialization but this was because it had gone through the primary phase of import substitution before the Second World War. Similarly, there is no need for Russia to begin with this phase of import substitution. More- over, unlike the Japan of the 1950s Russia can start from a different, higher scientific and technological basis, although this is concentrated predominantly in the military and industrial complex.


    18. In 1978 the Yulsan Corporation and in 1982 Kookjae were forced to close (see: Asian Perspective, vol. 13, N 2, Fall-Winter 1989, p. 76).


    19. Korea's Economic Diplomacy. Survival as a Trading Nation. (The Sejong Institute), Korea, 1995, pp. 263-64; Asian Survey, vol. XVIII, N 4, April 1978, p. 372


    20. The Economist, June 3, 1995, p. 7


    21. For details see: Asia and Pacific, vol. 2, p. 1331


    22. V. I. Shipayev. Yuzhnaya Koreya v sisteme mirovogo kapitalisticheskogo khozyaistva (South Korea in the System of the World Capitalist Economy), Nauka Publishers, M., 1986, p. 10; Asia and Pacific, vol. 1, pp. 161-62; 600; Japan Review of International Affairs, vol. 5, N 1, Spring-Summer 1991, pp. 67-68; The Economist, May 21, 1988, p. 20


    23. Asian Transitional Economics. Challenges and Prospects for Reform and Transformation. (Ed. by S. F. Naya, J. L. H. Tan), Singapore, 1995, p. 31


    24. The Developing Economies, v. XXIII, N 3, Sept. 1985, p. 227


    25. Asian Perspective, vol. 13, N 2, Fall-Winter 1989, p. 127


    26. Asia and the Pacific, vol. 1, p. 159, 604; Information Service on the Unification Question of the Korean Peninsula (National Unification Board), April 30, 1995, p. 85


    27. Asian Survey, vol. XVIII, N 4, April 1978, p. 371


    28. According to the EBRD, two-thirds of the growth were achieved at the expense of accumulations, but other researchers place the figure between 80 and 100 per cent (see: The Economist, June 3, 1995, p. 7).


    29. Korea's Economic Diplomacy..., pp. 263-69


    30. Korea's Economic Diplomacy..., pp. 228, 263-64, 275, 348


    31. The Economist, Aug. 14, 1982, pp. 15-16; Financial Times, April 10, 1991


    32. Finansoviye Izvestia, Feb. 23 and Aug. 24, 1995; Financial Times, April 10, 1991


    33. Asian Perspective, vol. 18, N 2, Fall-Winter 1994, pp. 99-102, 161-63; Financial Times, June 15, 1989


    34. The Economist, May 21, 1988, p. 18 and June 3, 1995, pp. 16-17; Korea Herald, March 26, 1995


    35. Korea's Economic Diplomacy..., p. 149; Korea Focus, N 1, 1995, p. 80; Financial Times, June 15, 1989


    36. The Economist, Aug. 14, 1982, p. 16 and May 21, 1988, p. 16; Asian Perspective, vol. 18, N 2, Fall-Winter 1994, p. 161; Opyt ekonomicheskikh reform v razvivayushchikhsya stranakh (The Experience of Economic Reforms in the Developing Countries), Nauka Publishers, M., 1992, p. 232; TASS, Aug. 4, 1989


    37. In 1988 South Korea accounted for 25 per cent of orders in shipbuilding (second place in the world after Japan). In the 1990s the POSCO Steel Company attained second place in the world, etc. (Asia and the Pacific, vol. 1, pp. 159, 603; The Economist, June 3, 1995, p. 6)


    38. Korea's Economic Diplomacy..., pp. 278, 348; Asian and the Pacific, vol. 2, pp. 1339-40; The Economist, May 21, 1988, pp. 18-19 and June 3, 1995, p. 20


    39. The Economist, May 21, 1988, p. 20; Asia and the Pacific, v. 1, pp. 160-61


    40. The Economist, June 3, 1995, p. 19


    41. See: Miracle or Design? Lessons from the East Asian Experience (Overseas Development Council), Washington DC, 1994, p. 3


    42. There is one notable detail in one of the June issues of The Economist. In their analysis of the successful experience of the South Korean model of economic development, which, in fact, gives the lie to the EBRD conception, the bank experts mention macrostabilization, private enterprise and competition among the factors which contributed to its success but overlook the key role of the state and other "uncomfortable" aspects, such as the closed economy, trade protectionism, and emphasis on heavy industry, among others (The Economist, June 3, 1995, p. 6).


    43. These organizations dissuaded South Korea from building a steel plant and the Western countries made a mockery of its desire to engage in shipbuilding (ibid.).


    44. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Feb.6, 1996


    45. Segodnya, March 1, 1996


    46. Vek, July 15-21, 1994; Izvestia, Feb.21, 1996; Finansoviye Izvestia, April 30, 1996; Financial Times, April 11, 1996


    47. For details see V. Sorgin's article in Svobodnaya Mysl (1996, N 1, p. 42).


    48. Meeting Report (Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies), vol. XIII, N 5 (Jan. 1996)


    49. Finansoviye Izvestia, Feb.23, 1996. According to the financial and economic service of the ORT TV Company (morning broadcast of May 12, 1996), there were 2,246 banks as of April 1, 1996.


    50. Finansoviye Izvestia, Feb. 23, 1996


    51. Financial Times, April 11, 1996


    52. Finansoviye Izvestia, Feb.27, 1996; Segodnya, April 13, 1996


    53. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Feb. 23 and April 25, 1996; Segodnya, Feb. 27, March 5 and 7, 1996

SRC Winter Symposium Socio-Cultural Dimensions of the Changes in the Slavic-Eurasian World ( English / Japanese )

Copyright (c) 1996 by the Slavic Research Center( English / Japanese ) All rights reserved.